The Roman calendar was the timekeeping system used in ancient Rome, evolving through several major reforms from its legendary origins around 738 BCE until it was replaced by the Julian calendar in 45 BCE.wikipedia+1
Original Calendar
The earliest Roman calendar, traditionally attributed to Rome's legendary founder Romulus, consisted of only 10 months totaling 304 days. The year began in March (Martius) and ended in December, with the winter season left as an unassigned span of approximately 61 days. The months were named Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December—with the last six names corresponding to Latin numbers 5 through 10.webexhibits+2
Numa's Reform
Around 715-673 BCE, Rome's second king Numa Pompilius reformed the calendar by adding two months—January and February—to fill the winter gap. This extended the year to 355 days, though it still fell short of the solar year. To maintain alignment with seasons, Romans inserted an intercalary month called Mercedinus every other year after February 23 or 24, adding 22 or 23 days.roman-britain+3
Julian Calendar
In 45 BCE, Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar, which established a 365-day solar year with months of varying lengths. A leap day was added every fourth year after February 23rd to account for the additional quarter-day in the solar year. To implement this reform, 46 BCE became 445 days long—with three intercalary months inserted to realign the calendar with the seasons.penelope.uchicago+1
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar
- https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/roman-calendar.html
- https://www.cccb.ca/liturgy-sacraments/resources-in-english/liturgical-calendar/general-roman-calendar/
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/romancalendar.html
- https://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-roman.html
- https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/life-in-roman-britain/the-roman-calendar/
- https://www.britannica.com/science/calendar/The-early-Roman-calendar
- https://www.britannica.com/science/Roman-republican-calendar
- https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/pi/index.php/pi/article/download/6634/5478/15376
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